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- Women In The Labour Force December 17, 1992
-
- The past decades their has been a dramatic increase of women
- participating in the labour force from countries all over the
- world including Canada. In 1950, one Canadian worker in five was
- a woman. By 1980 this percentage had doubled, and women are
- expected to make up more than 44 percent of the labour force by
- the end of this century.
- The increase in female participation started occurring
- during the 1970's. This increase also caused the largest baby
- boom that the Canadian female labour force had ever witnessed.
- In North America it is common for women to have part-time or
- summer jobs, and the participation rate of teenage girls is high.
- It is also mostly high throughout the world in places as United
- Kingdom because of the fewer women going to school. But in
- places like France, Italy, and Japan the female participation
- rate is very low. In most of the countries the labour force is
- most participated in the age groups between 20 and 24. The
- labour force of mature women is very high in Sweden, because of
- the encouraged day care facilities which also provides the
- females with legislation that provides them with excellent
- benefits. In Japan there is a drop in female economic activity,
- the reason why is it affects their marriage and the care of their
- only child.
- An observation of labour force participation rates in Canada
- show that female rates rose a lot between 1971 and 1981, while
- the male rate rose unnoticeably. The increase in the female
- participation rate was found in all age groups except in older
- women. For women aged 15 to 19 the rate was as almost as high as
- the men. But the largest increase was in the age group of 25-44
- years old, where the rate rose almost 50 percent. This meant
- that the participation rates of the females had become more alike
- with the men.
- Family status also influenced the female participation rate
- but later on during 1981 it had a more less affect than in 1971.
- According to statistics just over one quarter of married women
- with young children were working, but this later changed and grew
- by 76 percent over the a 10 year period of time. The rate also
- showed an increase of 47 percent for widowed, divorced, and
- separated women with children. However single women with young
- children showed a slight decrease. However the female
- participation rate is not so much related to family status as
- today as it was many years ago.
- During the period of 1971 through 1981 the involvement of
- married women went through a major change. Fewer women saw
- marriage as a reason to interrupt their participation in the job
- force, and couple tended to postpone having children or not
- having any at all. While women with young children tended to
- participate less in the labour market and quit their jobs more
- frequently than men. Females did the exact opposite of what men
- did when they had children while working, and in some cases were
- actually more stable than men without children. This showed
- that the couples attitude towards having children influenced a
- decrease in the female labour force participation rate.
- In 1981 most women spent an average of 1,247 hours a year
- working, compared with 1,431 hours in 1971 which had dropped
- about 15 percent. Even men saw their average hours decrease by
- 13 percent. Not only more women were working, more were working
- part-tim for only part of the year which meant more women on the
- unemployment rolls. In the 1960's the unemployment rate for
- females was 3 percent and ten years later increased to 7 percent.
- Since june 1982 the unemployment rate for men was 11-13 percent
- and the women's just above that rate which could also exceed that
- of the men near the end of the century. Only about 11 percent of
- women had part-time jobs because they couldn't find full-time
- employment or because they wished to spend more time to their
- education or their families, or for other reasons. Although 24
- percent of the women working part-time would have preferred a
- full-time job if it had been available.
- According to the Statistics Canada study, in 1970 women were
- extremely poorly paid which showed a big earnings difference than
- the men. This started changing in the 1970's which rose the
- females earning to 51.2 percent of that of a man. Ten years
- later it had reached 54.4 percent. If it wasn't for the decrease
- in annual hours for the females the earnings difference would
- have been reduced even further. By 1980 the females earnings had
- risen to 72 percent of that of a man.
- The female labour force would be incomplete without equal
- pay for equal or equivalent work. This issue was the most
- important issue to women in low-paid jobs. If the principal of
- equal pay for equal work were fully applied men and women would
- both receive the same hourly wage which would raise female
- earnings dramatically. The issue of equal pay for equal work
- most often comes up in discussion to improve the economic status
- of the women at the bottom of the payroll, many of them who are
- not in unions.
- When women first started entering the labour force they were
- hassled by the males because they were supposed to traditional
- work in the house and take care of the family. Which was the
- reason of their low wages to disapprove of women working. This
- traditions reflected their wages and the positions people were
- willing to offer to women. Working women experience problems
- such as sexual harassment and being fired because of pregnancy.
- Most of the people want to correct the unequal treatment of
- women in the work force and make it equal for everyone. Some of
- the methods which can be used to support equality is to introduce
- a federal legislation to guarantee equal pay for equal work. To
- also set wages according to the value of the work done by the
- employer. Which would be difficult to measure the value of one
- person's work compared to another persons. We could also offer
- women better benefits and a better pension when they retire their
- job.
- Peoples attitudes towards women in the work force are slowly
- starting to change and more opportunities for women are being
- available for them. The unequal treatment of working women will
- take years to change and will always stay an important issue.
-
-
- Books Author
- In Her Own Right Six Point View
- To See Ourselves "unknown"
- The Law Is Not For Women "unknown"
- Equal Status For Women In Canada In th 1990's "unknown"
- Women And The Constitution Micheline Carrier
- Women At Home "unknown"
- Changing Economic Status Of Women Jac-Andre Boulet
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